The environmental laws created artificial needs for normally unneeded electronics parts in cars, to create man hours out of thin air. You could call it inflation on man hours. Unfortunately most major inflations end in a deflation.
Mass airflow sensor? Expensive unneeded part. You gas gauge goes haywire?? So what. Use the trip odometer. Can’t do THAT anymore. Check engine lite goes on and they won’t pass your car inspection until you fix the gas guage.
At that point they suggest changing the fuel pump (more wasted public money for ‘welfare’ jobs) while they have the gas tank down. $1200 for your unneeded inspection sticker in NY.